再送基因詞匯

alternative splicing -- Eukaryotic genes are composed of exons and introns, the latter being removed by RNA splicing before transcribed mRNA leaves the nucleus. Commonly, a single gene can encode several different mRNA transcripts, caused by cell- or tissue-specific combination of different exons. This is known as alternative splicing.

Annealing -- The time- and temperature-dependent process by which two complementary single-stranded polynucleotides associate to form a double helix (see also hybridization)

Antisense strand -- the DNA strand of a gene which, during transcription, is used as a template by RNA polymerase to synthesize a complementary RNA strand.

反股 -- 意指一股DN**段為基因之所在，因此可用來當做模版使得RNA反轉錄脢在轉錄RNA時，可以合成和此DN**段完全結合的RN**段。

Bifurcation -- The graphical representation in a phylogenetic tree of an evolutionary speciation event whereby an ancestral taxon splits into two.

分歧點 -- 在演化的種形成事件中，物種由相同來源一分為二，其在種系發生樹中的圖示點。

blotting -- General term for the transfer of protein, RNA or DNA molecules from a relatively thick acrylamide or agarose gel to a paper-like membrane (usually nylon or nitrocellulose) by capillarity or an electric field, preserving the spatial arrangment. Once on the membrane, the molecules are immobilized, typically by baking or by ultraviolet irradiation, and can then be detected at high sensitivity by hybridization (in the case of DNA and RNA), or antibody labelling (in the case of protein). RNA blots are called Northern blots; DNA blots, Southern; protein blots, Western.

Blunt ends -- Descriptive of the structure of double-stranded DNA in which neither strand of the duplex extends further from the end than the other; often the product of cleavage by a restriction endonuclease. (see also sticky ended)

Branch -- The graphical representation of an evolutionary relationship in a phylogenetic tree.

分枝 -- 在種系發生樹中，物種演化相互關系的圖示。

Cancer Genome Anatomy Project -- The Cancer Genome Anatomy Project (CGAP) is an interdisciplinary program established and administered by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) to generate the information and technological tools needed to decipher the molecular anatomy of the cancer cell.

癌癥基因體解剖計劃 -- 癌癥基因體解剖計劃（CGAP）已經由國際癌癥學會（NCI）建立并經營于于各個學科間，主要是產生信息及技術工具以便解決癌癥細胞的分子解剖的各項秘密

Cap -- a specialized chemical group that is naturally added to the 5’ end of mRNA.

帽子 -- 一個特殊群，在自然下會加到5端的mRNA上

CASP -- Critical Assessment of techniques for protein Structure Prediction

CASP -- 于蛋白質結構的預測上作一關鍵性的技術評估

cDNA -- Complementary DNA; DNA that is synthesized, by reverse transcriptase, from an mRNA template, and therefore has no introns. (see also genomic DNA)

cDNA library -- A collection of cells, usually E. coli, transformed by DNA vectors each of which contains a different cDNA insert synthesized from a collection of mRNA species. (see also genomic library)

Cis-element -- a regulatory DNA sequence that serves as a protein binding site and controls the transcription of adjacent genes.

Clade -- A complete group of organisms derived from a common ancestor.

進化枝，分化枝 -- 生物體的全部族群源自于共同始祖

Cloning vector -- A technique for obtaining the desired gene that involves "chopping up" the entire genetic complement of a cell using restriction enzymes, then attaching each (resultant) DNA fragment to a vector and transferring it into a bacterium, and finally screening those (engineered) bacteria to locate the bacteria that are producing the desired product (e.g., a protein).

Codon -- a nucleotide triplet which specifies an amino acid or a signal for terminating the synthesis of a polypeptide.

密碼子 -- 對應到特定胺基酸的核甘酸三聯體或使多月太鏈合成中止的訊號

Consensus tree -- A branching diagram produced using a method for combining the grouping information contained in a set of cladograms for the same taxa into a single topology.

共同樹 -- 利用分枝圖分群方式合并分群訊息, 使相同之taxa包含在進化枝的集合中

Convergence -- The independent evolution of similar genetic or phenotypic traits.

收斂 -- 具相似基因或表現型特征的獨立演化

CpG islands -- short stretch of DNA, often 1 kb, containing CpG dinucleotides which are unmethylated and present at the expected frequency. CpG islands often occur at transcriptionally active DNA.

CpG island -- 長度小于 1000 個堿基的脫氧核糖核酸 , 其中包含未甲基化的CpG 雙核甘酸序列 , 并以特定的頻率出現 . CpG island 通常出現在隨時準備好轉錄或轉譯的脫氧核糖核酸中可以觀察到

dbEST -- dbEST is a division of GenBank that contains sequence data and other information on "single-pass" cDNA sequences, or Expressed Sequence Tags, from a number of organisms.

表現序列標幟數據庫 -- 表現序列標幟數據庫是基因庫內的一部份，內含序列數據庫和”只有單股定序”的互補DNA(cDNA)序列信息或一些生物體的表現序列標幟

Denaturation -- The destruction of the ordered folding of a protein or nucleic acid that is required for its normal function. Protein denaturation often involves a change from a specific globular or fibrous conformation to a random coil; nucleic acid denaturation often involves the dissociation of a duplex into single strands. (see also native structure)

Digital Differential Display -- Survey sequencing of mRNA gene products provides an indirect means of generating gene expression fingerprints for cancer cells and their normal counterparts. Digital Differential Display (DDD) is a computer method for comparing these fingerprints. Using a statistical test, genes whose expression levels differ significantly from one tissue to the next are identified and shown to the user.

數字差異陳列 -- 觀察mRNA基因的序列產生提供一間接方法為了癌癥細胞及與癌癥細胞極為相似但是正常的細胞能夠產生基因表現指紋。數字差異陳列（DDD）是利用計算機統計的方法來比較各個組織不同層級的基因表現。

Distance (evolutionary distance) -- A measure of the number of nucleotide substitutions per nucleotide site between two homologous DNA sequences that have accumulated since the divergence between the sequences.

距離（演化遠近）-- 從兩條相似DNA序列間發生相異處收集每個核甘酸位置發生替換個數的量度

Divergence -- The splitting of a taxonomic unit into two.

DNA cloning -- The production of a lineage of cells all of which contain one kind of DNA fragment of interest derived from a population of many kinds of DNA fragments. Operationally by:

inserting (recombining) a population of DNA molecules, known to contain the DNA of interest, into a population of vector DNA molecules in such a way that each vector molecule contains only a single DNA molecule from the original population;

transforming a population of host cells with the vector DNA recombinants such that each host cell takes up only one vector;

growing single host cells separately (cloning) by plating at low density to form a collection of separate colonies;

screening the colonies (clones) formed for the presence of the DNA of interest.

DNA library -- A library composed of complementary copies of cellular messenger RNAs.

DNA microarray -- Initially developed by Patrick Brown during the 1980s, these microarrays enable analysis of the levels of expression of genes in an organism, or comparison of gene expression levels (e.g., between diseased and non-diseased tissues) via hybridization of messenger RNA (mRNA) to its counterpart DNA sequence... when biological samples containing DNA (e.g., in liquid) are passed-over the array surface.

DNA polymerase -- An enzyme that can synthesize new DNA strands using a DNA template; several such enzymes exist. One of several classes of enzymes that polymerize DNA nucleotides using single or double-stranded DNA as a template.

dot blot -- Method for detecting a specific protein or message. A spot of solution is dotted onto nitrocellulose paper, a specific antibody or probe is allowed to bind and the presence of bound antibody/probe then shown by using a peroxidase-coupled second antibody, as in Western blot or by other visualization methods.

點印 -- 偵測特殊蛋白質或遺傳訊息的方法. 在硝化纖維紙上點上特殊的點狀溶液, 其中含有特殊的抗體或探針,在這些抗體或探針上再使用過氧化反應連結上二次抗體,用以提供呈色反應, 就類似西方轉漬反應或者其它類似的方法.

Ectopic (illegitimate) transcription -- low-level transcription in many cell types of genes which are predominantly expressed in certain types of cell

易位(不合規則)轉錄 -- 在許多形式細胞低量轉錄某些特定細胞顯著表現的基因

exon -- The sequences of the RNA primary transcript (or the DNA that encodes them) that exit the nucleus as part of a messenger RNA molecule. In the primary transcript neighbouring exons are separated by introns.

表現子 -- 離開原子核成為訊息核糖核酸分子的核糖核酸主要轉錄序列。在主要轉錄過程附近，表現子會被介入子所分開。

gene -- Originally defined as the physical unit of heredity but the meaning has changed with increasing knowledge. It is probably best defined as the unit of inheritance that occupies a specific locus on a chromosome, the existence of which can be confirmed by the occurrence of different allelic forms. Given the occurrence of split genes, it might be re-defined as the set of DNA sequences (exons) that are required to produce a single polypeptide.

基因 -- 原本是定義遺傳上的物質單位，但隨著知識的增加意義也隨之改變。也許現在最好定義它是遺傳上的單位，占有染色體上一個特別的區域，可被證實有不同的對偶型式。對分離的基因來說，它可被定義成一組需要用來產生蛋白質的脫氧核糖核酸序列，即外子。

genomic DNA -- DNA that has been isolated from a cell and therefore contains introns, as opposed to cDNA

Genomic library -- A collection of transformed cells, each of which contains DNA fragments; the entire population represents the total genome of an organism, e.g. a rat library containing DNA fragments which together comprise the entire rat genome. Appropriate screening methods can select a single transformed cell that contains a specific gene. (see also cDNA library)

Glycosylation -- the addition of carbohydrates to proteins.

醣化作用 -- 在蛋白質上連接碳水化合物。